Potential changes in carbon dynamics due to climate change measured in the past two decades 1
نویسنده
چکیده
Evidence suggests that climate change dynamics have been occurring in the northern latitudes for the past two and a half decades. The CENTURY ecosystem model was used for a set of simulations related to the carbon dynamics of interior Alaska taiga forest types. The functional dynamics of three age-classes (young, middle, and mature) of three ecosystem types (white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), and hardwoods) were compared using an average climate that was present prior to 1980 and the climate record from 1980 to 2000. Estimates for total ecosystem production indicate a decrease in tree carbon capture for hardwood stands for all three age-classes summed across a 20-year climate change period. White spruce displayed increases in carbon capture for the three age-classes. Young and mid-aged black spruce stands showed a decrease in ecosystem productivity. The old-growth black spruce stand showed a small increase in carbon capture. Dynamics displayed for the entire ecosystem (soil organic matter, tree dynamics, dead wood, and forest litter) followed the same trends as vegetation productivity. For the same 20-year climate period and across all three age-classes, carbon capture decreased for hardwood ecosystems and increased for white spruce ecosystems. The young black spruce system showed a change from a positive carbon balance to a negative carbon balance. Based on the landscape area covered by each vegetation type, we suggest that the net effect of climate warming over the past 20 years has been a substantial decrease in carbon capture in the forests of interior Alaska. Résumé : Des données ont suggéré l’existence depuis 25 ans d’une dynamique associée aux changements climatiques sous les latitudes nordiques. Le modèle d’écosystème CENTURY a été utilisé pour simuler la dynamique du carbone de certains types forestiers de la taïga du centre de l’Alaska. La dynamique fonctionnelle de trois types d’écosystème (épinette blanche (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) et espèces feuillues), chacun d’eux représenté par trois classes d’âge (jeune, intermédiaire et mature), a été comparée sur la base du climat moyen présent avant 1980 et de celui observé entre 1980 et 2000. L’estimation de la production totale des écosystèmes pour une période de changements climatiques d’une durée de 20 ans indique que la fixation du carbone par les arbres des peuplements feuillus des trois classes d’âge a diminué. Une augmentation de la fixation du carbone a été observée pour les peuplements d’épinette blanche des trois classes d’âge. Les peuplements d’épinette noire des classes d’âge jeune et intermédiaire ont connu une diminution de la productivité de l’écosystème. Une légère augmentation de la fixation du carbone a été notée dans le peuplement mature d’épinette noire. La dynamique observée pour l’ensemble de l’écosystème (matière organique du sol, dynamique des arbres, bois mort et litière forestière) a suivi les mêmes tendances que la productivité de la végétation. Pour la même période de 20 ans et pour toutes les classes d’âge, la fixation du carbone des écosystèmes feuillus a diminué alors que celle des écosystèmes d’épinette blanche a augmenté. L’écosystème composé de jeunes épinettes noires est passé d’un équilibre en carbone positif vers un équilibre négatif. En tenant compte de la superficie couverte par chaque type de végétation, les résultats indiquent qu’au total le réchauffement climatique a entraîné une réduction substantielle de la fixation du carbone dans les forêts du centre de l’Alaska au cours des 20
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